Estrangement of Labor - 809 Words

1) By reading through the text of extraction, in a nutshell it implies the dissatisfaction borne by the receptionist due to working as a machine not as a human. According to the cited text, the receptionist has innate notion that she was a cog of wheel of conceptual machine. What is the origin of this dissatisfaction? Philosopher Carl Marx stated that emerged because of estranged labour and alienation from the world. He formed his conceptualization of estrangement of labour which helped to identify what caused the dissatisfaction of the labour. Karl Marx believed that the society is divided into classes as propertied and propertyless; everything is considered in terms of utility or commodity and price in the capitalism. Marx†¦show more content†¦Those are concisely described as follows. 1. Estrangement of worker from what he produces. Even though the worker produced, the worker is too small in comparison to the product that they created and they do not have right to possess it or use it. What the worker produced is appropriated by capitalists and therefore the worker is exploited. In the text of the question, the receptionist felt the rules were structured and her creativity is harnessed by the others, capitalists. She lost her natural creativity forever .Therefore she is deprived from getting what she wanted as a human. 2. Estrangement of workers from the act of producing itself The products and the way to produce are designed not by the actual worker or by the consumers but the capitalists. Indeed, Workers do not have the control over what they produced regarding the value or effect. Therefore, the workers feel that they were controlled by the capitalists by abstracting their intellect and the creativity in exchange of wages for maximizing the profit of labours. Basically, the workers benefited from nature for the acquisition of raw material and sustenance for their utilizations. But in the system of capitalists, capitalists appropriate that nature and deprived from taking above advantages. This is considered as another kind of exploitation of this kind of estrangement. The labour of the worker isShow MoreRelatedSociological Theories Of Global Climate Change1611 Words   |  7 Pagesnothing without nature, without the sensual external world. It is the material on which his labor is realized, in which it is active, from which and by means of which it produc es.† So, it can be said that the more the worker, by his labor, extracts the means of subsistence from nature, the more he loses his means of life from the nature in two ways: 1. The nature ceases to be an object belonging to worker’s labor; 2. The nature ceases to be means for the physical subsistence of the worker. In this wayRead MoreEssay on Labor and Alienation1718 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Political economy conceals the estrangement inherent in the nature of labor by not considering the direct relationship between the worker (labor) and production† (Pg. 30). According to Marx, human nature is neither fixed nor transcendent; instead, it is alterable and embedded in the productivity of everyday life. The only fixed attribute that we have is our openness. We are different from other animal species in the sense that we are able to adapt to different natural environments by creating aRead MoreUnderstanding Marx s Alienation Theory1217 Words   |  5 Pagestwo societies are property owners and laborers. Capitalistic systems will eventually being to create alienated labor when it separates a worker from their owner’s personal reality. This might not be intentional, but it will happen regardless. Unfortunately alienation within a society can only lead to ciaos. Alienation only beings to occur when individuals being to regard their own labor and as a result workers become hostile to their own society and life. Karl Marx identifies four different typesRead MoreAlienation of Process according to Karl Marx651 Words   |  3 PagesThe entrepreneur, who owns the amenities used to make the product, has power over the labor of the workers. Therefore, entrepreneurs have the say as how the product should be developed. As a result, any completed or incomplete product is left at the hands of the entrepreneur rather than the maker. This leads to another form of alienation known as estrangement. Alienation from the product one makes, or estrangement, refers to the relationship of the manufactured goods and the maker. The proletariatRead MoreThe Natural Nature Of Human Beings1693 Words   |  7 Pagescreated and that is what led to the process of division of labor which has brought a system or organization in which we see ranks in a society. The system developed to the extent that someone has to be at the top in other to control those at the bottom and also led to the barter system where money were being use in exchange of commodities, (†We now have to grasp the essential connection between private property, greed, the separation of labor, capital and landed property, exchange and competition, valueRead MoreThe Economic And Philosophic Manuscripts Of 18441592 Words   |  7 PagesThe Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 was not published in Karl Marx’s lifetime. It is a series of fragmentary notes. Part of these notes is a p iece called â€Å"Estranged Labor†. In this piece Marx rarely disputes the alienation of the bourgeoisie and focuses on the alienation of the proletariat relating to the hard work in factories in a capitalist society. I believe Marx is correct on his point of workers during his time and even so, it’s still relatable to today;Read MoreMarx s Theory Of Capitalism882 Words   |  4 Pagescapitalism as a dangerous and unstable economic system. Marx only saw commercialized society as a self-interested and competitive he only saw that this selfishness and competition would only cause separation, phenomena Marx referred to as â€Å"estrangement of labor† in other words, an ostracism of people their work, their relationship to other people and the alienation of mankind from itself. Marx did not merely critique the infrastructure of capitalism but also looked at its effects, specifically toRead MoreThe Concept Of Individual Liberty1299 Words   |  6 Pagesexploited by the bourgeoisie) are forced into labor with the sole purpose of making a living, instead of actually being proud and enjoying what they have produced. Humans are naturally creative and working animals that are meant to enjoy the fruits of their labor instead of being considered in terms of value. When Mill refers to the importance of individuality and nonconformity being of the utmost importance, he is indirectly upholding the commodification of la bor because it puts self-interest as our onlyRead MoreThe Marxist Concept Of Communism1735 Words   |  7 Pagescreating a product, and then reaping the benefits of his own labor, under the bourgeoisie the worker is forced to do menial labor to create products he will never own. Marx categorizes this working class as â€Å"a class of labourers, who live only so long as they can find work, and work only so long as their labour increases capital† (Marx, 18). Marx asserts that the capitalist system forces the worker to sell himself as nothing more than labor, dehumanizing and devaluing himself with every product he createsRead MoreMarx s Criticism Of Capitalism1282 Words   |  6 Pagessociety. Marx’s Criticisms of Capitalism Estrangement of Man from Man Under capitalism, Marx claims â€Å"the more powerful becomes the alien world of objects which he creates over and against himself, the poorer he himself-his inner world-becomes, the less belongs to him as his own† (702). The more workers produce, the more they experience estrangement from the world. This alienation is a result of workers not being able to relate to their own products of labor. They do not own it, cannot relate to it

Ethical Standards, Laws And Ethical Aspirations - 831 Words

There are multiple ethical standards, laws and ethical aspirations that need to be addressed in this case study. First and foremost, Aspirational code of beneficence and nonmaleficence, should be addressed while problem solving this conundrum. WAC 246-924-357 also addresses the steps that the psychologist may need to make when terminating and referring services with this client. It is important to address Standard 3.04, Avoiding Harm. â€Å"Psychologists take reasonable steps to avoid harming their clients/patients, students, supervisees, research participants, organizational clients and others with whom they work, and to minimize harm where it is foreseeable and unavoidable† (APA, 2002). In this case study, the client has an executive role in the organization, which the client notes that he can overlook the psychologist contract obligation by working with this client, outside of the organization. This comment can lead to a slippery slope, and demonstrates an initiation of a m ultiple relationship. It also prevents the clinician from holding true objectivity, which if the psychologist continues to work with this client, could lead to an exploitative relationship. After consulting with the team and clinical supervisor, I feel that the best course of action is to refer the client to an outside competent clinician. The client will then have the opportunity to be honest by telling his complete story to a therapist that does not hold multiple roles. I would inform the client that IShow MoreRelatedConceptual Old Lawyers Ideals in Modern Light Essay919 Words   |  4 Pagesinception, lawyers were perceived as public-servants encompassing a humble lifestyle. Notable lawyers such as Abraham Lincoln were political figures whose aspiration it was to serve communities and make an effort for a positive change. 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In the project, I will be required to make several ethical decisions through a practical and repeatable decision model with the desired outcome of understanding how the ethical lens works. In addition, the ethical lens use s separate perspectives for each dilemma. This is done by using different perspectives with the desired outcome of establishing a proper ethical situation for the proper situation. The issues in question for the mysterious roses, inRead MoreOp 10 Principles For Positive Business Ethics Essay799 Words   |  4 Pagesoften ethical conflicts between making money, and doing what is right. There can be dilemmas about doing what is best for your employer, what s best for your own career, and what s best for the customer. Business ethics is about negotiating these mine-fields. Here are my Top 10 Principles for Positive Business Ethics: 1. Business Ethics are built on Personal Ethics. There is no real separation between doing what is right in business, and playing fair, telling the truth and being ethical in yourRead MoreHow Do Global Regulations Influence Businesses Operating Internationally? What Are The Major Obstacles?1328 Words   |  6 PagesMexico. The influence of this trade agreement was beneficial to businesses because it became easier to trade goods across international borders and it increased the development of standards. The European Union alliance works in a similar way to facilitate trade by standardizing laws and agreements, as well as using a standard currency among all of the countries. The development of these alliances was to increase competitiveness and to decrease inequality. The winners are the larger corporations whoRead More: Critically Evaluate Corporate Social Responsibility as an Ethical Tool Basing Some of Your Argument on the Toyota Case Study1711 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Corpora te Social Responsibility is Corporate Social Responsibility can be defined has an obligation beyond that required law and economics , for a firm to purse long term goals that are good for the society. This entails the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving quality of the workforce and their families as well as that of the local community and society at large. Bhatia (2004) defined corporate social responsibility asRead MoreEthics And The Law Enforcement Code Of Ethics1412 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper inquires how ethics has impacted the law enfacement communities. 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The Hunters Phantom Chapter 14 Free Essays

damon Where were they? Elena watched the water anxiously. If anything had happened to Meredith or Stefan, it was Elena’s fault. She had convinced Stefan to let Meredith jump the fal s. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 14 or any similar topic only for you Order Now His objections had been total y reasonable; she could see that now. Meredith had been marked for death. For God’s sake, Celia had almost been kil ed simply getting off a train. What had Meredith been thinking, jumping off a cliff into water when she was in the same sort of peril? What had Elena been thinking of to let her? She should have been by Stefan’s side, holding Meredith back. And Stefan. She knew he ought to be fine; the rational part of her brain kept reminding her that Stefan was a vampire. He didn’t even need to breathe. He could stay underwater for days. He was incredibly strong. But not so long ago, she had thought Stefan was gone forever, stolen by the kitsune. Bad things could happen to him – vampire or not. If she lost him now through her own stupid fault, through her own stubbornness and insistence that everyone pretend that life could be the way it used to be – that they could have some simple fun without doom fol owing them â€⠀œ Elena would lie down and die. â€Å"Do you see anything?† Bonnie asked, a tremble in her voice. Her freckles stood out in dark dots against her pale face, and her normal y exuberant red curls were plastered flat and dark against her head. â€Å"No. Not from up here.† Elena shot her a grim look, and before she even consciously made the decision, she dived into the pool. Underwater, Elena’s vision was clouded by the froth and sand thrown up by the fal s, and she treaded water for a moment as she tried to peer around. She saw a patch of darkness that looked like it might be human figures off near the middle of the pool and struck out toward it. Thank God, Elena thought fervently. When she got closer, the darkness resolved itself into Meredith and Stefan. They seemed to be struggling against something in the water, Stefan’s face near Meredith’s legs, Meredith’s hands reaching desperately toward the surface. Her face was bluish from lack of oxygen, and her eyes were wide with panic. Just as Elena came close to them, Stefan jerked sharply and Meredith shot upward. As if in slow motion, Elena saw Meredith’s arm swing toward her as Meredith rose. A sudden blow sent Elena shooting backward toward the rocks behind the fal s, the fal s pushing her deeper underwater as she passed under them. This is bad, she had just enough time to think, and then her head hit the rocks and everything went black. When Elena awoke, she found herself in her room at home, stil in her bathing suit. Sun shone through the window, but Elena was wet and shivering with cold. Water trickled from her hair and bathing suit, droplets winding down her arms and legs and puddling on the carpet. She was unsurprised to see that Damon was there, looking as sleek and dark and poised as ever. He’d been perusing her bookshelf, as comfortable as if he were in his own home, and he wheeled around to stare at her. â€Å"Damon,† she said weakly, confused but, as always, so happy to see him. â€Å"Elena!† he said, appearing delighted for a moment, and then he frowned. â€Å"No,† he said sharply. â€Å"Elena, wake up.† â€Å"Elena, wake up.† The voice was frightened and desperate, and Elena fought the darkness that seemed to be holding her down and opened her eyes. Damon? she almost said, but bit the word back. Because of course it was Stefan who was gazing worriedly into her eyes, and even sweet, understanding Stefan might object to her cal ing him by his dead brother’s name twice in one day. â€Å"Stefan,† she said, remembering. â€Å"Is Meredith al right?† Stefan wrapped her tightly in his arms. â€Å"She wil be. Oh, God, Elena,† he said. â€Å"I thought I was going to lose you. I had to pul you to shore. I didn’t know†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His voice trailed off, and he hugged her even closer to his chest. Elena did a quick self-inventory. She was sore. Her throat and lungs hurt, probably from breathing in water and coughing it out. There was sand al over her, coating her arms and bathing suit, and it was starting to itch. But she was alive. â€Å"Oh, Stefan,† Elena said, and closed her eyes for a moment, resting her head against him. She was so cold and wet, and Stefan was so warm. She could hear his heart beating beneath her ear. Slower than a human’s, but there, steady and reassuring. When she opened her eyes again, Matt was kneeling next to them. â€Å"Are you okay?† he asked her. When she nodded, he turned his gaze to Stefan. â€Å"I should have jumped in,† he said guiltily. â€Å"I should have helped you save them. Everything seemed to happen so fast, and by the time I knew something was real y wrong, you were bringing them back out of the water.† She sat up and touched Matt’s arm, feeling a warm flood of affection for him. He was so good, and he felt so responsible for al of them. â€Å"Everyone’s fine, Matt,† she said. â€Å"That’s what matters.† A few feet away, Alaric was inspecting Meredith as Bonnie hovered over them. Celia stood a little farther away, her arms wrapped around herself as she watched Alaric and Meredith. When Alaric shifted away, Meredith caught Elena’s eye. Her face was white with pain, but she managed to give her an apologetic smile. â€Å"I didn’t mean to hit you,† she said. â€Å"And Stefan, I should have listened to you, or just had more sense and stayed on shore.† She grimaced. â€Å"I think I might have sprained my ankle. Alaric’s going to drive me to the hospital so they can tape it up.† â€Å"What I want to know,† Bonnie said, â€Å"is whether this means it’s al over. I mean, Celia’s name appeared, and she was almost strangled in the train doors. And Meredith’s name appeared, and she almost drowned. They both got saved – by Stefan, good job, Stefan – so does that mean they’re safe now? We haven’t seen any more names.† Elena’s heart lightened with hope. But Matt was shaking his head. â€Å"It’s not that easy,† he said darkly. â€Å"It’s never that easy. Just because Meredith and Celia could be saved one time, it doesn’t mean whatever it is isn’t stil after them. And even though her name wasn’t cal ed, Elena was in danger, too.† Stefan’s arms were stil around Elena, but they felt hard and unyielding. When she glanced up at his face, his jaw was set and his green eyes ful of pain. â€Å"I’m afraid it’s not the end. Another name has appeared,† he told them. â€Å"Meredith, I don’t think you could have seen it, but the plants you were tangled in spel ed it out against your legs.† Everyone gasped. Elena clutched his arm, her stomach dropping. She looked at Matt, at Bonnie, at Stefan himself. They’d never seemed more precious to her. Which one of the people who she loved was in danger? â€Å"Wel , don’t keep us in suspense,† Meredith said wryly. Her color was better, Elena noted, and her voice sounded crisp and competent again, although she winced as Alaric touched her ankle gently. â€Å"Whose name was it?† Stefan hesitated. His eyes darted to Elena and then quickly away. He licked his lips in a nervous gesture she’d never seen from him before. Taking a deep breath, he final y said, â€Å"The name the plants spel ed out was Damon.† Bonnie sat down with a thump, as though her legs had given way. â€Å"But Damon’s dead,† she said, her brown eyes wide. But for some reason the news didn’t shock Elena to the core. Instead, a hard, bright feeling of hope flooded her. It would make sense. She had never believed someone like Damon could just be gone. â€Å"Maybe he’s not,† she heard herself say, lost in thought as she recal ed the Damon in her dreams. When she had passed out under the water, she had seen him again, and he had told her to wake up. Was that dreamlike behavior? It could have been her subconscious warning her, she supposed doubtful y, but his name had appeared underwater. Could he be alive? He had died – she had no doubt about that. But he was a vampire; he had died before, and lived again. The Guardians had tried, they said, and they had said there was no way to bring Damon back. Was it a pointless hope? Was the eager beating of her heart at the thought that Damon might be alive just Elena fooling herself? Elena snapped back to the present to find her friends staring at her. There was a moment of complete silence, as if even the birds had stopped singing. â€Å"Elena,† Stefan said gently. â€Å"We saw him die.† Elena gazed into Stefan’s green eyes. Surely, if there was any reason to hope, he would feel it the same way she did. But his gaze was steady and sad. Stefan, she saw, had no doubt that Damon was dead. Her heart squeezed painful y. â€Å"Who’s Damon?† Celia asked, but no one answered. Alaric was frowning. â€Å"If Damon’s definitely dead,† he said, â€Å"if you’re sure about that, then whatever is causing these accidents might be playing on your grief, trying to hit you where it hurts. Perhaps there’s an emotional danger here that it’s trying to create as wel as a physical one.† â€Å"If spel ing out Damon’s name is meant to upset us, then it’s aiming at Stefan and Elena,† Matt said. â€Å"I mean, it’s no secret that Meredith and I didn’t like him much.† He crossed his arms defensively. â€Å"I’m sorry, Stefan, but it’s true.† â€Å"I respected Damon,† said Meredith, â€Å"especial y after he worked so hard with us in the Dark Dimension, but it’s true that his death didn’t†¦ affect me the way it did Elena and Stefan. I have to agree with Matt.† Elena glanced at Bonnie and noticed that her jaw was clenched and her eyes glistened with angry tears. As Elena watched, Bonnie’s bright eyes dul ed and lost focus, gazing off into the distance. She stiffened and turned her face up toward the top of the cliff. â€Å"She’s having a vision,† Elena said, jumping to her feet. Bonnie spoke in a voice flatter and rougher than her own. â€Å"He wants you, Elena,† she said. â€Å"He wants you.† Elena fol owed her gaze toward the cliff. For a wild moment, that hard, bright hope came bursting back into her chest again. She ful y expected to see Damon up there, smirking down at them. It would be just like him, if he’d somehow survived death, to show up suddenly, make a grand entrance, and then pass off the miracle with a shrug and a dry quip. And there was someone standing at the top of the cliff. Celia gave a little scream, and Matt swore loudly. It wasn’t Damon, though. Elena could tel that right away. The silhouetted figure was broader than Damon’s lithe form. But the sun was so bright she couldn’t make out the person’s features, and she lifted her hand to shade her eyes. Like a halo, blond curly hair gleamed in the sunlight. Elena frowned. â€Å"I think,† she said, recognition dawning on her, â€Å"that’s Caleb Smal wood.† How to cite The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 14, Essay examples

FBT Stands Fringe Benefits

Question: Discuss about the FBT Stands for Fringe Benefits. Answer: Introduction: This is a tax case related to FBT. FBT stands for Fringe benefits. It is the important part of business. It helps to attract quality staffs to the business. Once a company decides to provide fringe benefit tax, the company should be aware of the taxation implication in the hands of the company (S 32.20). The following benefits are mainly considered as fringe benefit; The benefits in terms of providing; Car Expenses related to car services like maintenance, fuel, and chauffeur. Car parking facility Low interest loan Entertainment expenses Payment or reimbursement of personal expenditure (S 32.25). Al most all work related equipments are that are provided to the employee in the due course of his employment and used by the employee for the official purpose then the benefits are not to be considered as FBT. There is some equipment and protective dressing which is being used by the employee in relation to his work is not considered as fringe benefits. The list of fringe benefits is allowed to be treated as exception and hence the following expenses are not charged under FBT; Phones, tablets, laptops, GPS navigation Computer software Briefcase Other items used in the service only2. The duel use items are considered as FBT. Once the company decides to provide those benefits to the employee that can be either used for work related purpose and for personal reasons those benefits attract FBT like; Use of car for the private purpose Offering employee the discounted loan Paying for the gym membership Entertainment tickets In this case study these factors which are related to FBT is witnessed; Here in this case Mary Jackson, a marketing consultant was relocated to Brisbane on 10 February 2016. The company given her following benefits; Transfer for furniture $4000 Entertainment allowance $5000 Laptop $2400 and mobile phone $800 Home Telephone $330, 50% used for personal purpose A company car valued $30,000 An allowance for professional subscription $1500 Low interest loan of $500,000 used for purchasing property Here, the tax liability of Mary Jackson includes her salary and entertainment allowances. The entertainment allowance is fixed allowance paid to her and added with salary. Therefore this allowance cannot be considered as fringe benefit (S 32.20). Tax Liability of Mary Jackson Salary $120,000 Add: Entertainment allowance $5,000 Professional Subscription $1,500 Total Salary $126,500 Tax Liability on Salary $18,201 $37,000 @19% $3,572 $37,001 $80,000 @32.5% $13,975 $80,001 $126,500 @ 37% $17,205 Total Tax Liability $34,751 FBT in the hand of Elite Retail Telephone 165 Low Interest Free loan 500000 (Benchmark interest during the period is 5.65%) Interest according to benchmark rate @5.65% 28250 Less: Actual Interest paid @4% 20000 Benefit 8250 Total Fringe benefit 8415 FBT @49% 4123.35 It is to be understood that Laptop valued $2400 and mobile phone of $800 is used for the official purpose and it also under the exemption of FBT norms. The car valued $30,000 provided to the employee is for official reasons. Therefore this benefit will not be considered as fringe benefit. The lower interest loan is however is to be considered to be fringe benefit by the amount lower interest paid. Here the case is related to computation of capital gain. It is nothing but the difference between the cost price of the asset and at the price at which the asset is disposed off. Once the assessee pays the capital gain tax, it is considered as the normal income tax, though it is referred as CGT. If the assessee makes capital loss, it cannot adjust it against normal income or loss, it has to be treated separately. The assessee has the option to carry forward the capital loss in the next tax year. It will only be adjusted against the capital gain in the next year (S 100.10). Most of the personal assets are not covered under capital gain tax. The assets like home, car and other personal assets cannot be considered as the capital assets. CGT is also not applicable for depreciating assets. The capital gain earned in other part of the world will be taxable in the hand of an Australian resident. The ascertaining of residential status is important in this respect5. There are two methods that can be used to ascertain capital gain, one is indexation method and another is discount method. Indexation benefit will be given to those assets acquired before 21September 1999. The consumer price index (CPI) is used for the indexation. Indexation is primarily used to increase the cost base of the asset4 (S 100.20) According to the discount method of calculation of capital gain tax, the tax liability of the assets under capital gain will be reduced by 50%. This is an important aspect of calculation of capital gain tax calculation. The important factor that needs to be considered in the tax calculation is the date of ownership of the asset (S 100. 30). Here in this case Scott purchased a block of land on 1980 in Brisbane. He constructed a house for $60000 and property was rented since then. The capital gain and the capital loss can be calculated based on discount method. The discount method of calculation is better for individuals and it saves cost. Capital Gain Tax indexation Sale price $800,000 Less: Indexed cost of land $225,417 CPI 30 Sept 1986 43.2 CPI 31 March 2016 108.2 Less: Indexed cost of construction $150,278 Capital Gain $424,306 Capital Gain Tax Discount Sale price $800,000 Less: Cost of land $90,000 Less: cost of construction $60,000 Capital Gain $650,000 Capital gain would be reduced by 50% $325,000 The discount method of the calculation would be more acceptable to Scott. Even if the property was transferred to his daughter at lower cost, it would be treated as the capital gain. The market value of the asset has to be ascertained and then the capital gain tax has to be calculated accordingly. The tax calculation will be same as Scott sold the property at $800,000. Therefore he had to pay same capital gain tax even if he had transferred the asset to his daughter at $200,000. References: Australian Taxation Office, Types of fringe benefits (25 September 2016) https://www.ato.gov.au/General/fringe-benefits-tax-(fbt)/types-of-fringe-benefits/ Australian Taxation Office, FBT exemptions and concessions (25 September 2016) https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(FBT)/FBT-exemptions-and-concessions/ Australian Taxation Office, Work-related items exempt from FBT (25 September 2016) https://www.ato.gov.au/General/fringe-benefits-tax-(fbt)/do-you-need-to-pay-fbt-/work-related-items-exempt-from-fbt/ Australian Taxation Office, Capital gains tax (25 September 2016) https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/ Australian Taxation Office, Working out your capital gain (25 September 2016) https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/Working-out-your-capital-gain-or-loss/Working-out-your-capital-gain/ Australian Taxation Office, The indexation method of calculating your capital gain (25 September 2016) https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/In-detail/Calculating-a-capital-gain-or-loss/The-indexation-method-of-calculating-your-capital-gain/ Australian Taxation Office, Why do you need a market valuation? (25 September 2016) https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/In-detail/Real-estate/Transferring-real-estate-to-family-or-friends/?page=3